Skip to main content
`Ctrl`+`K`

# scipy.optimize.lsq_linear

scipy.optimize.lsq_linear(A, b, bounds=(-inf, inf), method='trf', tol=1e-10, lsq_solver=None, lsmr_tol=None, max_iter=None, verbose=0, *, lsmr_maxiter=None)

  Solve a linear least-squares problem with bounds on the variables.

  Given a m-by-n design matrix A and a target vector b with m elements, `lsq_linear` solves the following optimization problem:

      minimize 0.5 * ||A x - b||**2
      subject to lb <= x <= ub

  This optimization problem is convex, hence a found minimum (if iterations have converged) is guaranteed to be global.

  Parameters:
    A array_like, sparse matrix of LinearOperator, shape (m, n)

      Design matrix. Can be `scipy.sparse.linalg.LinearOperator`.

    b array_like, shape (m,)

      Target vector.

    bounds 2-tuple of array_like or `Bounds`, optional

      Lower and upper bounds on parameters. Defaults to no bounds. There are two ways to specify the bounds:

      > - Instance of `Bounds` class.

      > - 2-tuple of array_like: Each element of the tuple must be either an array with the length equal to the number of parameters, or a scalar (in which case the bound is taken to be the same for all parameters). Use `np.inf` with an appropriate sign to disable bounds on all or some parameters.

    method‘trf’ or ‘bvls’, optional

      Method to perform minimization.

      > - ‘trf’ : Trust Region Reflective algorithm adapted for a linear least-squares problem. This is an interior-point-like method and the required number of iterations is weakly correlated with the number of variables.

      > - ‘bvls’ : Bounded-variable least-squares algorithm. This is an active set method, which requires the number of iterations comparable to the number of variables. Can’t be used when A is sparse or LinearOperator.

      Default is ‘trf’.

    tol float, optional

      Tolerance parameter. The algorithm terminates if a relative change of the cost function is less than tol on the last iteration. Additionally, the first-order optimality measure is considered:

      > - `method='trf'` terminates if the uniform norm of the gradient, scaled to account for the presence of the bounds, is less than tol.

      > - `method='bvls'` terminates if Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are satisfied within tol tolerance.

    lsq_solver{None, ‘exact’, ‘lsmr’}, optional

      Method of solving unbounded least-squares problems throughout iterations:

      > - ‘exact’ : Use dense QR or SVD decomposition approach. Can’t be used when A is sparse or LinearOperator.

      > - ‘lsmr’ : Use `scipy.sparse.linalg.lsmr` iterative procedure which requires only matrix-vector product evaluations. Can’t be used with `method='bvls'`.

      If None (default), the solver is chosen based on type of A.

    lsmr_tol None, float or ‘auto’, optional

      Tolerance parameters ‘atol’ and ‘btol’ for `scipy.sparse.linalg.lsmr` If None (default), it is set to `1e-2 * tol`. If ‘auto’, the tolerance will be adjusted based on the optimality of the current iterate, which can speed up the optimization process, but is not always reliable.

    max_iter None or int, optional

      Maximum number of iterations before termination. If None (default), it is set to 100 for `method='trf'` or to the number of variables for `method='bvls'` (not counting iterations for ‘bvls’ initialization).

    verbose{0, 1, 2}, optional

      Level of algorithm’s verbosity:

      > - 0 : work silently (default).

      > - 1 : display a termination report.

      > - 2 : display progress during iterations.

    lsmr_maxiter None or int, optional

      Maximum number of iterations for the lsmr least squares solver, if it is used (by setting `lsq_solver='lsmr'`). If None (default), it uses lsmr’s default of `min(m, n)` where `m` and `n` are the number of rows and columns of A, respectively. Has no effect if `lsq_solver='exact'`.

  Returns:
    OptimizeResult with the following fields defined:
    x ndarray, shape (n,)

      Solution found.

    cost float

      Value of the cost function at the solution.

    fun ndarray, shape (m,)

      Vector of residuals at the solution.

    optimality float

      First-order optimality measure. The exact meaning depends on method, refer to the description of tol parameter.

    active_mask ndarray of int, shape (n,)

      Each component shows whether a corresponding constraint is active (that is, whether a variable is at the bound):

      > - 0 : a constraint is not active.

      > - -1 : a lower bound is active.

      > - 1 : an upper bound is active.

      Might be somewhat arbitrary for the trf method as it generates a sequence of strictly feasible iterates and active_mask is determined within a tolerance threshold.

    unbounded_sol tuple

      Unbounded least squares solution tuple returned by the least squares solver (set with lsq_solver option). If lsq_solver is not set or is set to `'exact'`, the tuple contains an ndarray of shape (n,) with the unbounded solution, an ndarray with the sum of squared residuals, an int with the rank of A, and an ndarray with the singular values of A (see NumPy’s `linalg.lstsq` for more information). If lsq_solver is set to `'lsmr'`, the tuple contains an ndarray of shape (n,) with the unbounded solution, an int with the exit code, an int with the number of iterations, and five floats with various norms and the condition number of A (see SciPy’s `sparse.linalg.lsmr` for more information). This output can be useful for determining the convergence of the least squares solver, particularly the iterative `'lsmr'` solver. The unbounded least squares problem is to minimize `0.5 * ||A x - b||**2`.

    nit int

      Number of iterations. Zero if the unconstrained solution is optimal.

    status int

      Reason for algorithm termination:

      > - -1 : the algorithm was not able to make progress on the last iteration.

      > - 0 : the maximum number of iterations is exceeded.

      > - 1 : the first-order optimality measure is less than tol.

      > - 2 : the relative change of the cost function is less than tol.

      > - 3 : the unconstrained solution is optimal.

    message str

      Verbal description of the termination reason.

    success bool

      True if one of the convergence criteria is satisfied (status > 0).

  See also

  `nnls`

    Linear least squares with non-negativity constraint.

  `least_squares`

    Nonlinear least squares with bounds on the variables.

  Notes

  The algorithm first computes the unconstrained least-squares solution by `numpy.linalg.lstsq` or `scipy.sparse.linalg.lsmr` depending on lsq_solver. This solution is returned as optimal if it lies within the bounds.

  Method ‘trf’ runs the adaptation of the algorithm described in [STIR] for a linear least-squares problem. The iterations are essentially the same as in the nonlinear least-squares algorithm, but as the quadratic function model is always accurate, we don’t need to track or modify the radius of a trust region. The line search (backtracking) is used as a safety net when a selected step does not decrease the cost function. Read more detailed description of the algorithm in `scipy.optimize.least_squares`.

  Method ‘bvls’ runs a Python implementation of the algorithm described in [BVLS]. The algorithm maintains active and free sets of variables, on each iteration chooses a new variable to move from the active set to the free set and then solves the unconstrained least-squares problem on free variables. This algorithm is guaranteed to give an accurate solution eventually, but may require up to n iterations for a problem with n variables. Additionally, an ad-hoc initialization procedure is implemented, that determines which variables to set free or active initially. It takes some number of iterations before actual BVLS starts, but can significantly reduce the number of further iterations.

  References

  [STIR]

  M. A. Branch, T. F. Coleman, and Y. Li, “A Subspace, Interior, and Conjugate Gradient Method for Large-Scale Bound-Constrained Minimization Problems,” SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 21, Number 1, pp 1-23, 1999.

  [BVLS]

  P. B. Start and R. L. Parker, “Bounded-Variable Least-Squares: an Algorithm and Applications”, Computational Statistics, 10, 129-141, 1995.

  Examples

  In this example, a problem with a large sparse matrix and bounds on the variables is solved.

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.sparse import rand
      >>> from scipy.optimize import lsq_linear
      >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
      ...
      >>> m = 20000
      >>> n = 10000
      ...
      >>> A = rand(m, n, density=1e-4, random_state=rng)
      >>> b = rng.standard_normal(m)
      ...
      >>> lb = rng.standard_normal(n)
      >>> ub = lb + 1
      ...
      >>> res = lsq_linear(A, b, bounds=(lb, ub), lsmr_tol='auto', verbose=1)
      # may vary
      The relative change of the cost function is less than `tol`.
      Number of iterations 16, initial cost 1.5039e+04, final cost 1.1112e+04,
      first-order optimality 4.66e-08.