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# scipy.stats.ttest_rel

scipy.stats.ttest_rel(a, b, axis=0, nan_policy='propagate', alternative='two-sided', *, keepdims=False)

  Calculate the t-test on TWO RELATED samples of scores, a and b.

  This is a test for the null hypothesis that two related or repeated samples have identical average (expected) values.

  Parameters:
    a, b array_like

      The arrays must have the same shape.

    axis int or None, default: 0

      If an int, the axis of the input along which to compute the statistic. The statistic of each axis-slice (e.g. row) of the input will appear in a corresponding element of the output. If `None`, the input will be raveled before computing the statistic.

    nan_policy{‘propagate’, ‘omit’, ‘raise’}

      Defines how to handle input NaNs.

      - `propagate`: if a NaN is present in the axis slice (e.g. row) along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `omit`: NaNs will be omitted when performing the calculation. If insufficient data remains in the axis slice along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `raise`: if a NaN is present, a `ValueError` will be raised.

    alternative{‘two-sided’, ‘less’, ‘greater’}, optional

      Defines the alternative hypothesis. The following options are available (default is ‘two-sided’):

      - ‘two-sided’: the means of the distributions underlying the samples are unequal.

      - ‘less’: the mean of the distribution underlying the first sample is less than the mean of the distribution underlying the second sample.

      - ‘greater’: the mean of the distribution underlying the first sample is greater than the mean of the distribution underlying the second sample.

      New in version 1.6.0.

    keepdims bool, default: False

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

  Returns:
    result `TtestResult`

      An object with the following attributes:

      statisticfloat or array

        The t-statistic.

      pvaluefloat or array

        The p-value associated with the given alternative.

      dffloat or array

        The number of degrees of freedom used in calculation of the t-statistic; this is one less than the size of the sample (`a.shape[axis]`).

        New in version 1.10.0.

      The object also has the following method:

      confidence_interval(confidence_level=0.95)

        Computes a confidence interval around the difference in population means for the given confidence level. The confidence interval is returned in a `namedtuple` with fields low and high.

        New in version 1.10.0.

  Notes

  Examples for use are scores of the same set of student in different exams, or repeated sampling from the same units. The test measures whether the average score differs significantly across samples (e.g. exams). If we observe a large p-value, for example greater than 0.05 or 0.1 then we cannot reject the null hypothesis of identical average scores. If the p-value is smaller than the threshold, e.g. 1%, 5% or 10%, then we reject the null hypothesis of equal averages. Small p-values are associated with large t-statistics.

  The t-statistic is calculated as `np.mean(a - b)/se`, where `se` is the standard error. Therefore, the t-statistic will be positive when the sample mean of `a - b` is greater than zero and negative when the sample mean of `a - b` is less than zero.

  Beginning in SciPy 1.9, `np.matrix` inputs (not recommended for new code) are converted to `np.ndarray` before the calculation is performed. In this case, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` of appropriate shape rather than a 2D `np.matrix`. Similarly, while masked elements of masked arrays are ignored, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` rather than a masked array with `mask=False`.

  References

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-test#Dependent_t-test_for_paired_samples

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy import stats
      >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()

      >>> rvs1 = stats.norm.rvs(loc=5, scale=10, size=500, random_state=rng)
      >>> rvs2 = (stats.norm.rvs(loc=5, scale=10, size=500, random_state=rng)
      ...         + stats.norm.rvs(scale=0.2, size=500, random_state=rng))
      >>> stats.ttest_rel(rvs1, rvs2)
      TtestResult(statistic=-0.4549717054410304, pvalue=0.6493274702088672, df=499)
      >>> rvs3 = (stats.norm.rvs(loc=8, scale=10, size=500, random_state=rng)
      ...         + stats.norm.rvs(scale=0.2, size=500, random_state=rng))
      >>> stats.ttest_rel(rvs1, rvs3)
      TtestResult(statistic=-5.879467544540889, pvalue=7.540777129099917e-09, df=499)