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# scipy.stats.f_oneway

scipy.stats.f_oneway(*samples, axis=0, nan_policy='propagate', keepdims=False)

  Perform one-way ANOVA.

  The one-way ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that two or more groups have the same population mean. The test is applied to samples from two or more groups, possibly with differing sizes.

  Parameters:
    sample1, sample2, …array_like

      The sample measurements for each group. There must be at least two arguments. If the arrays are multidimensional, then all the dimensions of the array must be the same except for axis.

    axis int or None, default: 0

      If an int, the axis of the input along which to compute the statistic. The statistic of each axis-slice (e.g. row) of the input will appear in a corresponding element of the output. If `None`, the input will be raveled before computing the statistic.

    nan_policy{‘propagate’, ‘omit’, ‘raise’}

      Defines how to handle input NaNs.

      - `propagate`: if a NaN is present in the axis slice (e.g. row) along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `omit`: NaNs will be omitted when performing the calculation. If insufficient data remains in the axis slice along which the statistic is computed, the corresponding entry of the output will be NaN.

      - `raise`: if a NaN is present, a `ValueError` will be raised.

    keepdims bool, default: False

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

  Returns:
    statistic float

      The computed F statistic of the test.

    pvalue float

      The associated p-value from the F distribution.

  Warns:
    `ConstantInputWarning`

      Raised if all values within each of the input arrays are identical. In this case the F statistic is either infinite or isn’t defined, so `np.inf` or `np.nan` is returned.

    `DegenerateDataWarning`

      Raised if the length of any input array is 0, or if all the input arrays have length 1. `np.nan` is returned for the F statistic and the p-value in these cases.

  Notes

  The ANOVA test has important assumptions that must be satisfied in order for the associated p-value to be valid.

  1. The samples are independent.

  2. Each sample is from a normally distributed population.

  3. The population standard deviations of the groups are all equal. This property is known as homoscedasticity.

  If these assumptions are not true for a given set of data, it may still be possible to use the Kruskal-Wallis H-test (`scipy.stats.kruskal`) or the Alexander-Govern test (`scipy.stats.alexandergovern`) although with some loss of power.

  The length of each group must be at least one, and there must be at least one group with length greater than one. If these conditions are not satisfied, a warning is generated and (`np.nan`, `np.nan`) is returned.

  If all values in each group are identical, and there exist at least two groups with different values, the function generates a warning and returns (`np.inf`, 0).

  If all values in all groups are the same, function generates a warning and returns (`np.nan`, `np.nan`).

  The algorithm is from Heiman [2], pp.394-7.

  Beginning in SciPy 1.9, `np.matrix` inputs (not recommended for new code) are converted to `np.ndarray` before the calculation is performed. In this case, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` of appropriate shape rather than a 2D `np.matrix`. Similarly, while masked elements of masked arrays are ignored, the output will be a scalar or `np.ndarray` rather than a masked array with `mask=False`.

  References

  [1]

  R. Lowry, “Concepts and Applications of Inferential Statistics”, Chapter 14, 2014, http://vassarstats.net/textbook/

  [2]

  G.W. Heiman, “Understanding research methods and statistics: An integrated introduction for psychology”, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 2001.

  [3]

  G.H. McDonald, “Handbook of Biological Statistics”, One-way ANOVA. http://www.biostathandbook.com/onewayanova.html

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.stats import f_oneway

  Here are some data [3] on a shell measurement (the length of the anterior adductor muscle scar, standardized by dividing by length) in the mussel Mytilus trossulus from five locations: Tillamook, Oregon; Newport, Oregon; Petersburg, Alaska; Magadan, Russia; and Tvarminne, Finland, taken from a much larger data set used in McDonald et al. (1991).

      >>> tillamook = [0.0571, 0.0813, 0.0831, 0.0976, 0.0817, 0.0859, 0.0735,
      ...              0.0659, 0.0923, 0.0836]
      >>> newport = [0.0873, 0.0662, 0.0672, 0.0819, 0.0749, 0.0649, 0.0835,
      ...            0.0725]
      >>> petersburg = [0.0974, 0.1352, 0.0817, 0.1016, 0.0968, 0.1064, 0.105]
      >>> magadan = [0.1033, 0.0915, 0.0781, 0.0685, 0.0677, 0.0697, 0.0764,
      ...            0.0689]
      >>> tvarminne = [0.0703, 0.1026, 0.0956, 0.0973, 0.1039, 0.1045]
      >>> f_oneway(tillamook, newport, petersburg, magadan, tvarminne)
      F_onewayResult(statistic=7.121019471642447, pvalue=0.0002812242314534544)

  `f_oneway` accepts multidimensional input arrays. When the inputs are multidimensional and axis is not given, the test is performed along the first axis of the input arrays. For the following data, the test is performed three times, once for each column.

      >>> a = np.array([[9.87, 9.03, 6.81],
      ...               [7.18, 8.35, 7.00],
      ...               [8.39, 7.58, 7.68],
      ...               [7.45, 6.33, 9.35],
      ...               [6.41, 7.10, 9.33],
      ...               [8.00, 8.24, 8.44]])
      >>> b = np.array([[6.35, 7.30, 7.16],
      ...               [6.65, 6.68, 7.63],
      ...               [5.72, 7.73, 6.72],
      ...               [7.01, 9.19, 7.41],
      ...               [7.75, 7.87, 8.30],
      ...               [6.90, 7.97, 6.97]])
      >>> c = np.array([[3.31, 8.77, 1.01],
      ...               [8.25, 3.24, 3.62],
      ...               [6.32, 8.81, 5.19],
      ...               [7.48, 8.83, 8.91],
      ...               [8.59, 6.01, 6.07],
      ...               [3.07, 9.72, 7.48]])
      >>> F, p = f_oneway(a, b, c)
      >>> F
      array([1.75676344, 0.03701228, 3.76439349])
      >>> p
      array([0.20630784, 0.96375203, 0.04733157])